Labster Protein Synthesis Practice Exam

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• What is the 5' cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA and its role in translation initiation?
• What does the International Olympic Committee prohibit?
• What distinguishes a missense mutation from a nonsense mutation?
• In mass spectrometry, which principle underlies the separation of proteins?
• What is codon usage bias, and how can it affect protein expression in a heterologous host?
• What is the amino acid sequence produced by the downstream coding segment 5' ACA GGG GAG AGA UGA -3'?
• What are the building blocks of life?
• How does the ribosome ensure correct codon-anticodon pairing during elongation?
• What is the effect of cycloheximide on eukaryotic protein synthesis, and what does it reveal experimentally?
• How many standard amino acids are encoded by the universal genetic code?
• RNA polymerases always produce mRNA strands that are what?
• Who described the central dogma of molecular biology in 1958?
• In a mass spectrometer, the feedback loop is used to adjust which parameter to maintain instrument performance?
• Which statement best describes what ribosome profiling reveals?
• What is the difference between a silent mutation and a synonymous codon change?
• In a mass spectrometer, which order do the components X (detects ions), Y (produces ions), and Z (separates ions by mass-to-charge) occur, given that Y precedes Z and Z precedes X?
• Which mutation is described as an insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame?
• What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation initiation?
• Which amino acid does the codon GGG encode?
• True or False: Higher oxygen levels lead to higher aerobic metabolism?
• What do tRNA anticodons pair with on mRNA?
• Why can't bacteria produce recombinant proteins identical to their wild-type forms?
• What is the role of eukaryotic initiation factors in translation initiation?
• Where does hemoglobin reside?
• Which statement is true about the described system?
• Which item is protected by a Class II biosafety cabinet in this lab setting?
• Which component is most directly responsible for converting the detected signal into usable data?
• How can frameshift mutations be detected in a reading-frame analysis?
• What does the mass difference between CHO-expressed rhEPO and E. coli-expressed rhEPO imply?
• How does tRNA charging status influence translation efficiency?
• Which expression system glycosylates recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)?
• During translation, to which site does tRNA add its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain?
• What is the role of release factors RF1 and RF2 in bacteria and eRF1 in eukaryotes?
• In many bacteria, what is the initiating amino acid when AUG is used as start codon?
• How does the genetic code accommodate non-standard amino acids, if at all?
• What does complementary mean in the context of DNA and RNA base pairing?
• What is the immediate source of the data that is processed by the computer in a mass spectrometer?
• If an mRNA is 582 nucleotides long, how many codons are present?
• Which is the correct mRNA sequence resulting from transcription of the erythropoietin gene?
• How does mRNA stability control gene expression?
• What is codon degeneracy, and what is the wobble hypothesis?
• Mass spectrometry identifies molecules primarily based on what properties?
• Which statement correctly describes the function of the A-site in the ribosome?
• Which statement about recombinant human erythropoietin synthesized in Escherichia coli is true?
• The production of EPO outside the kidneys is about what percentage?
• Why are mammalian expression systems often preferred for producing biologically active and stable erythropoietin?
• What scenario triggers NMD?
• Which type of cells contain hemoglobin?
• What are release factors, and what is their role at translation termination?
• What three steps does translation occur in?
• Where does translation take place?
• The therapeutic use of rhEPO is primarily for treating which condition?
• Glycosylation results in the formation of which type of molecule?
• What are the three fundamental parts of a mass spectrometer?
• What enzyme charges tRNA with the correct amino acid, and what energy molecule is consumed?
• Which component forms the catalytic center for peptide bond formation in the ribosome?
• How does ubiquitination relate to protein synthesis and quality control?
• In a simplified depiction of a DNA strand used for transcription, which strand is the template strand?
• Erythropoietin contains how many glycosylation sites?
• Nucleic acids cannot enter cells without external aid because they are what?
• Amino acids are linked by a specific type of covalent bond. The reaction of this bond produces one water molecule. What is it called?
• What is a ribosome footprint, and how is it obtained?
• Peptide mass fingerprinting relies on comparing observed masses to entries in what resource?
• In the lac operon, which molecule acts as the inducer to de-repress transcription?
• What does EPO promote?
• Which enzyme synthesizes mRNA during transcription, and what template does it read?
• Which term describes the process by which the system uses detector signals to adjust ongoing measurements?
• What is the central dogma and the two main stages of protein synthesis?
• Which statement accurately describes the relationship between polypeptides and proteins?
• How was human erythropoietin first purified in 1977?
• Which stop codons are recognized by bacterial release factors RF1 and RF2?
• What does antiparallel mean in nucleic acid orientation?
• In the provided mRNA sequence, which codon signals termination of translation?
• Where do ribosomes assemble around the mRNA and read in what direction?
• What would be the impact of a missing mRNA cap on translation?
• What is the effect of EPO on tissue oxygenation?
• Which statement correctly describes the process of N-linked glycosylation?
• In eukaryotic translation initiation, which statement about initiator tRNA is accurate?
• What is EPO (Erythropoietin)?
• Approximately what percentage of EPO is synthesized in the liver and other extra-renal organs?
• How is regulation of translation achieved in bacteria? Provide an example.
• Which statement about detecting ions in mass spectrometry is true?
• CKD is commonly associated with anemia due to reduced erythropoietin production. True or false?
• Which statement most accurately describes the role of rRNA in translation?
• In a mass spectrometer, the detector signals transmitted to the computer are used to control the instrument through feedback.
• CKD is most associated with which conditions?
• How is transcription different in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, and what feature prevents simultaneous transcription and translation in eukaryotes?
• Which pathway best describes the flow of information in a mass spectrometer?
• Which of the following are examples of post-translational modification?
• Which organelle is primarily responsible for glycosylation in mammalian cells?
• Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
• Which statement correctly describes ubiquitination in protein quality control?
• What is a frameshift mutation, and how does it affect the reading frame?
• Based on masses 30 kDa (CHO) and 18 kDa (E. coli) and the information that mammalian-expressed EPO is glycosylated, what approximate weight percentage of rhEPO expressed in CHO is due to polysaccharide components?
• Which statement about initiation of translation in bacteria is correct?
• What is the mammalian cell system in erythropoietin production best described as?
• Based on the mass spectrometer result, what is the mass difference between rhEPO expressed in CHO and E. coli?
• Which cap-binding protein recognizes the 5' cap during initiation?
• Which RNA types correspond to the roles described as: A reads codons and delivers amino acids; B carries genetic information from DNA; C catalyzes the assembly of polypeptide chains?
• Explain how GTPase activity is involved in selecting the correct aminoacyl-tRNA during elongation.
• Why was the technology of transfection developed?
• What is the term for a sequence of three nucleotides in RNA that encodes a single amino acid?
• RhEPO abuse is associated with which sporting practice?
• Which statement about post-translational modifications is true?
• The DNA strand being read by the RNA polymerase is called what?
• T or F: In a mass spectrometer, it detects the ions emerging from the last analyzer and measures their abundance with the detector that converts the ions into electrical signals
• In adults, which organ primarily produces erythropoietin (EPO)?
• A tRNA with anticodon 3'-UCA-5' would base-pair with which mRNA codon?
• T or F: A mass spectrometer produces ions from the sample in the ionization source
• T or F: In a mass spectrometer, it fragmentizes the selected ions and analyzes the fragments in a second analyzer
• The erythropoietin protein is 193 amino acids long. With this information, how many nucleotides are there in the mRNA, including the initiator and terminator codons?
• Which component transmits detector signals to be processed by the computer?
• Which pathway best describes how signals move through a mass spectrometer according to the described system?
• How are athletes who have doped their blood at a higher advantage?
• What is the use of a peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) obtained by mass spectrometry?
• What is CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease)?
• Which amino acid is encoded by the codon ACA in the provided mRNA sequence?
• In a simple labeling scheme for secondary structures, which letters denote beta sheets and alpha helices, respectively?
• Which statement best describes transfection methods?
• What is the role of glycosylation in recombinant EPO expressed in mammalian cells?
• Which molecule base-pairs with rRNA to align the Shine-Dalgarno sequence during prokaryotic translation initiation?
• In eukaryotic cells, where are the ribosomes that synthesize proteins typically located?
• Transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into cells.
• Which nucleotide base pairs with cytosine in nucleic acids?
• What is the ribosome recycling factor (RRF), and what is its role after termination?
• During initiation of translation, what assembles at the start codon?
• Which statement about translation is true?
• What chromosome is the gene for production of EPO located?
• Which parameter is most directly affected by EPO stimulation?
• What is the role of signal peptides in protein targeting?
• What is the stage of translation where initiation factors assemble the ribosome at the start codon?
• A codon consists of how many nucleotides?
• In protein synthesis, around which direction do ribosomes read the mRNA?
• What is the amino acid sequence translated from the start codon AUG to the stop codon in the provided mRNA sequence?
• Which statement about the genetic code exceptions is true?
• A promoter mutation would most directly affect which step in gene expression?
• Multiple amino acids connected by ___________ bonds form a polypeptide.
• What is the lac operon, and how lactose availability influence its expression?
• Most chronic kidney disease patients eventually become what condition?
• EPO can increase production of energy (ATP) by increasing production of what?
• Which level of protein structure is formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms, creating motifs such as alpha helices and beta sheets?
• What are tRNA molecules, and what is their primary function in translation?
• Hemoglobin's primary role?
• Which statement correctly describes the bacterial 70S ribosome and its subunits?
• Are mammalian expression systems better than bacterial systems for producing biologically active and stable erythropoietin?
• Which statement best describes three major differences between bacterial and eukaryotic translation?
• What is polyadenylation, and what function does the poly-A tail serve?
• Which statement best describes glycosylation in expression systems?
• MALDI stands for Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization.
• Define a functional protein.
• The feedback loop in a mass spectrometer is used to:
• T or F: A mass spectrometer separates these ions according to their size in the mass analyzer
• What is a polysome, and what does its presence indicate about translation?
• What is the amino acid sequence translated from the resulting mRNA?
• How does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contribute to protein synthesis?
• What is glycosylation?
• How can a mutation in a promoter region affect protein synthesis?
• Where does the poly-A tail primarily function in mRNA processing and translation?
• Describe how the ribosome moves along mRNA during translation.
• Which component of a mass spectrometer is responsible for separating ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio?
• In MS data, what is typically plotted on the x-axis?
• Why is the genetic code described as nearly universal, and what are notable exceptions?
• What does rhEPO promote?
• During charging of tRNA, which energy molecule is released after the amino acid is transferred to tRNA?
• Which component accounts for about 40% of the stability of recombinant human erythropoietin when produced in mammalian cells?
• In the central dogma of molecular biology, which processes convert DNA to RNA and RNA to protein?
• What is the chemical mechanism by which amino acids are joined in translation?
• Which factor translocates the ribosome along mRNA during elongation?
• In MALDI MS analysis, proteins are mixed with a matrix prior to analysis. What is the function of the matrix?
• Due to DNA/RNAs negative charge, which is the same as the cell membrane, they can't enter the cell without what?
• What is the difference between constitutive and inducible gene expression?
• The 'feedback' in mass spectrometry most likely refers to adjusting which parameters to optimize measurement?
• What is a mass spectrometer?
• How can mutations in tRNA genes affect translation?
• In 1989 USFDA approved rhEPO for treatment of anemia in association with CKD.
• The system described is primarily concerned with what aspect?
• What does the 5' to 3' direction mean in nucleic acids?
• Translation process starts at which codon?
• What is the current most broadly used method of transfection?
• What is the role of the P-site in the ribosome?
• Erythropoietin contains how many disulfide bridges?
• What is the function of the E-site in the ribosome?
• Which athlete is using rhEPO?
• In mass spectrometry, data are recorded as a histogram of ion signals. Which of these histograms are NOT coherent with the mass spectrometry principle?
• rhEPO stands for?
• Which statement correctly describes the sugar difference between DNA and RNA?
• A sequence of amino acids, or a polypeptide, grows from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. The polypeptide chain represents the primary structure of the protein. What name describes the linear sequence of amino acids?
• In a mass spectrometer, selected ions are fragmentized and the fragments are analyzed in a second analyzer.
• What is transfection?
• What is the start codon in most organisms, and what amino acid does it encode?
• Erythropoietin stimulates RBC production which then increases what?
• In a mass spectrometer, which component processes the signals from the detector and uses a feedback loop to control the instrument?
• What experimental technique can be used to measure translation rates in cells?
• Name the three stop codons in the standard genetic code.
• T or F: Polypeptide is synonymous with protein.
• Which organelle do E. coli cells lack that prevents glycosylation?
• How does Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD) relate to translation termination?
• Where does glycosylation occur during protein maturation?
• How many glycosylation sites exist in rhEPO expressed in CHO?
• Transfection experiments allow researchers to choose between different transfection methods to introduce nucleic acids into cells.
• In eukaryotes, what are the three major RNA processing steps that convert pre-mRNA to mature mRNA?
• Which codon signals the start of translation?
• If the feedback loop is interrupted in a mass spectrometer, what is likely to occur?
• Which molecule carries genetic information used to build proteins?
• Which sequence best describes how data flows to achieve real-time instrument control in a mass spectrometer?
• What is the role of chaperone proteins in protein folding?
• Humans have tens of thousands of types of proteins, which are all constructed from a set of how many amino acids?
• An ionization source is a device used to convert neutral molecules into charged ions.
• What is N-linked glycosylation and where does it typically occur?
• Which statement best describes the information provided by ribosome profiling in translation studies?